Can Climate Change Stop the Gulf Stream

Dear EarthTalk: What is the issue with the Gulf Stream in relation to global warming? Could it really stop or disappear altogether? If so, what are the ramifications of this? -- Lynn Eytel, Clark Summit, PA Part of the Ocean Conveyor Belt—a great river of ocean water that traverses the saltwater sections of the globe—the Gulf Stream stretches from the Gulf of Mexico up the eastern seaboard of the United States, where it splits, one stream heading for Canada’s Atlantic coast and the other towards Europe. By taking warm water from the equatorial Pacific Ocean and carrying it into the colder North Atlantic, the Gulf Stream contributes to warming up the eastern United States and northwestern Europe by about five degrees Celsius (roughly nine degrees Fahrenheit), making those regions much more hospitable than they would be otherwise. Melting Glaciers Could Disrupt Warm Gulf Stream Currents Among the greatest fears scientists have about global warming is that it will cause the massive ice fields of Greenland and other locales at the northern end of the Gulf Stream to melt rapidly, sending surges of cold water into the North Atlantic. In fact, quite a bit of melting has already started. The dense, cold melt water from Greenland sinks down, and interferes with the flow of the Ocean Conveyor Belt. One doomsday scenario is that such an event would stop or disrupt the whole Ocean Conveyor Belt system, plunging Western Europe into new climates, including an ice age, without the benefit of the warmth delivered by the Gulf Stream. Gulf Stream May Affect Climate Change Worldwide â€Å"The possibility exists that a disruption of the Atlantic currents might have implications far beyond a colder northwest Europe, perhaps bringing dramatic climatic changes to the entire planet,† says Bill McGuire, a geophysical hazards professor at University College London’s Benfield Hazard Research Centre. Computer models simulating ocean-atmosphere climate dynamics indicate that the North Atlantic region would cool between three and five degrees Celsius if Conveyor circulation were totally disrupted. It would produce winters twice as cold as the worst winters on record in the eastern United States in the past century, says Robert Gagosian of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Gulf Stream Linked to Previous Temperature Changes The slowing of the Gulf Stream has been directly linked with dramatic regional cooling before, says McGuire. â€Å"Just 10,000 years ago, during a climatic cold snap known as the Younger Dryas, the current was severely weakened, causing northern European temperatures to fall by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit,† he says. And 10,000 years earlier—at the height of the last ice age when most of northwestern Europe was a frozen wasteland—the Gulf Stream had just two-thirds of the strength it has now. Could Weakened Gulf Stream Help Offset Global Warming? A less dramatic prediction sees the Gulf Stream slowing down but not stopping entirely, causing the east coast of North America and northwestern Europe to suffer only minor winter temperature dips. And some scientists even put forth the optimistic hypothesis that the cooling effects of a weakened Gulf Stream could actually help offset the higher temperatures otherwise caused by global warming. Global Warming: A Planetary Experiment To McGuire, these uncertainties underscore that fact that human-induced global warming is â€Å"nothing more nor less than a great planetary experiment, many of the outcomes of which we cannot predict.† Whether or not we can trim our addiction to fossil fuels might just be the determining factor in whether global warming wreaks havoc around the world, or just causes us minor annoyances. EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on About Environmental Issues by permission of the editors of E. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Effectiveness Of Loyalty On Customer Retention - 884 Words

This figure explain about how prospect ladder up to become a partner of the company. It is company’s service quality, trust, commitment and communication that leads customers from prospects to partner. However, it is not really easy task for companies to achieve customer as partner. It needs extensive effort from brand to get it. Loyalty program In the initial part of study, it has elaborate meaning of loyalty. Now, this section has presented literature on effectiveness of loyalty on customer retention. Loyalty program often considered as value sharing or enhancement instrument. Sabol, 2002) addressed that value enhancement function is important because of ability to provide superior value to customer relationship and retention. Loyalty program provide value to consumer in two stages. (Bolton, 2000), has explained stages in brief that in the first stage program points are issued to customer and the second stage when customer redeemed those points. Though these points value don’t have any practical value unless customer redeemed them. However, according to the study by (Machanda, 2004) showed that it has important psychological meaning to customer. Points accumulation can gives customer feelings of benefits and these benefits are able to give customer positive value perception. It is because customer can redeemed those values later for rewards. At redemption stage, customer receives both economic and psychological value. Thus it enhances appreciation and recognition ofShow MoreRelatedFinal Consumer Behaviour944 Words   |  4 PagesConsumers as dollar bills! The more consumers they influence to buy their products the more market share (penetration) their brand will have, the more successful their company will be. Of course its not all that simple, acquiring and keeping new customers can be a daunting task without the right knowledge and tools. 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Depression and Women Free Essays

Women and Depression Christina Eddy October 2012 Women and Depression WOMEN AND DEPRESSION Introduction A. What is causing more women to be depressed then men? B. Depression is one of the leading causes of death in women today. We will write a custom essay sample on Depression and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Depression in women is caused by many different reasons a. Hormonal changes due to pre menopause and menopausal conditions. b. Women of all ages seem to suffer from depression at one time or another. c. Depression can put a strain on many areas of a women’s life. 3. What can society do to help women deal with depression? a. Working with these women to help them learn how to over come depression b. Treatment through counseling and possible medication C. more informative information on how to handle depression through advertisements 3. Conclusion Society need to take a better closer look at what is causing this depression in women. If is very important the we treat both the mental and emotional issues that women deal with when diagnosed with depression Women and Depression There are many symptoms related to depression, these symptoms could be as simple as difficulties concentrating, or may be presented as an over-whelming of feelings of worthlessness and even becoming delusions. Women are thought to be more sensitive than men; this could lead to feeling over-whelmed which in turn could lead to suicide. Some emotions such as: not feeling pretty enough or not being skinny enough tend to be magnified. Studies have shown that 12% of U. S women may suffer from depression while approximately only 6% of men may be diagnosed as depressed. . Cyranowski, J. M. ,Frank. (2006). Targeting populations of Women for Prevention and Treatment of Depression. In C. M. Mazure,G. Keita (Eds. ) Understanding depression in women. Mental health workers have stated that it’s psychological and that woman should be able to recognize how they are feelings and get help. But the question still remains, what is causing all these women to be depressed. It might be due to heredity, sexual abuse. There are those that are being harassed or discriminated against. There are doctors who believe that much of the depression in women is hormonal and could be brought on through their menstrual cycle or menopause. Psychologists believe that this depression has roots that can be passed through generations, therefore when something tragic accurse it can cause the depression to resurface. Some scientists believe that the stress factors lean more towards heredity; depression may be a gene that is passed down through generations. Through investigations it was found that the women who did not have a family history of depression, but did experience stressful events raised their chances of becoming depressed. There was about a 6% chance compared to those whose family had a history of depression, even this only raised their chances to 14%. Scientists have wondered if the gondola steroids estrogen and progesterone produced while a woman is menstruating might be putting women at a higher risk of becoming depressed, therefore showing that some girls may become depressed after puberty when they began to menstruate and their hormones start to fluctuate. Recent studies have shown that estrogen might play an active part in depression; this could be due to the fact that estrogen triggers body stress responses. Doctors know that the adrenalin glands are controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain which produces higher levels of a hormone called cortisol; this in turn increases the bodies metabolic and immune systems, stress then increases cortisol levels. These cortisol levels gradually will return to normal when the stress has passed. Although some evidence has shown that structured behavioral marital and family therapies are effective in treatment of depression (Holon, Summit2000). With the right combinations of therapy and drugs depression can be controlled. It’s has been proven in market research that approximately 30% to 35% of individuals who have tried anti-depressant drugs felt no sense of improvement while taking the drugs. Keller, Gelenberge, Hirschfeld, 1998; Keller et al. , 2000) Depressed women have been known to have more marital issues, this can sometimes lead to divorce, with this factor already in place depressed women are more likely to get involved with, and marry men with psychiatric disorders. (Hammen,Rudolph,Weiser,Roa, Burge,1999). Although this is one factor in the cycle of women’s depression there is also another disorder called Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) this disorder is mostly found in women of child rearing ages, however, this disorder is now being found more often in younger patients. With this newfound information doctors are trying to figure out what effects if any (MDD) has on the children of depressed women. (Collaborative Group, 1992) There has been some research done stating that depression begins in early childhood. This could show us that it may also continue into adulthood, evidence has shown that it may lead to morbidity a higher risk of suicide. Therefore, children of depressed mothers when compared to mothers who do not suffer from depression have greater chance of inheriting a major depressive disorder. References Cyranowski, J. M. , Frank. (2006). Targeting populations of Women for Prevention and Treatment of Depression. In C. M. Mazure, G. Keita (Eds. ) Understanding depression in women: References: (Psychological Applying empirical research to practice and policy (pp71-112) American Association. ) Doi: 10. 1037/11434-003 (Cross National Collaborative Group, 1992) (Holon, Summit2000) (Keller, Gelenberge, Hirschfeld, 1998; Keller et al. , 2000) (Hammen,Rudolph,Weiser,Roa, Burge,1999). How to cite Depression and Women, Essay examples

Chinese Women Essay Example For Students

Chinese Women Essay Women Situation in ChinaYuan JiangCCF 9659 (Wednesday, December 4, 1996) The current China men and women debate was strayed off from the issue of womens condition in China. Few articles give a comprehensive picture on the condition. First, Chinese tradition, like others, believes that the right place for women is home. Contacts with the west at the turn of this century did bring changes to the treatment of women, e.g. feet bonding and education. But the destiny of women was still home. The communist revolution brought Soviet ideas and practices to China. The idea is that men and women are equal. (Most communist ideas are good). Everything men can do, women can too. But there is another idea from the Soviet guiding the practice men and women are good at different things. Women are caring and detail oriented as they show at home. The practice is that housewives were encouraged to join the work force in late 50s and have stayed there. Girls are encouraged to be doctors, nurses, biologists, textile workers and are discouraged to take up physics and engineering by their parents. The shirts, shoes and toys you buy in discount stores are more likely to be made by China women rather by men. You will not be surprised to see women doctors everywhere in China or see women biologists saturating American graduate schools, but you dont see a male nurse or secretary. The result has been a mixed jar for women. Women can get career satisfaction in some professions but are not expected to do well in others. Women brings home part, usually less than half, of the family income and make more family decisions. However, having all housewives in the work force drove down everyones salary, and every family relies on the second income from the wife. On the other hand, the wife is still expected to cook, to clean and to take care of the child, the elderly and husband. Wives end up having two jobs, one inside and the other outside of home. Further, they are denied the choice to stay home to take care children. Comparing to the west, more Chinese women are in the work force. They contribute more to the society economically, but the status and appreciation they enjoy are far less than the proportion they contribute. China lacks the womens revolution that swept the west especially the radical idea that women can live without men. I do not mean that women should or could live without men. I mean Chinese women should get out of the shadow of men, rediscover themselves and reshape the society which has been shaped by men. No surprise, many Chinese women have found that they can live without Chinese men and rediscovered themselves.