Banking And The Economy Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Banking And The Economy Essay, Research Paper Banking is one of the most influential factors on the economic systems of today s society. As with everything these yearss, engineering is altering where, when and most of all, how we do things, specifically banking and other related fiscal minutess and agreements such as mortgages, etc. Recently, in Toronto, the really metropolis we live in, we were in the thick of two possible bank amalgamations, which would hold changed banking and on a larger graduated table the full economic system, in many ways. In comparing to the larger Bankss of the universe, Canada s most major Bankss are non even shut to the size and quality of international Bankss like ING Direct, for illustration. This would non typically be a job for Canadian Bankss, nevertheless when these international Bankss move into Canada, which has happened already, and is bound to go on even more as clip base on ballss and Canada becomes a more comfortable state, it rapidly becomes a really big job. We will write a custom essay sample on Banking And The Economy Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Banks are an highly flush concern. Regardless of where you are in the universe Bankss are right at the top of the list when it comes to capital, equity and net incomes. Canada fits right in, in comparing to the remainder of Canada. But when we compare Canada s Bankss to those of other states, or even better, international Bankss, they are merely undistinguished. For illustration, hypothetically talking, if the full universe were choosing whether or non to follow a individual currency, most determinant factors would be made by the Bankss of each single state. Canada, although it is a major universe leader in many other classs, would non be looked upon as a state that knew much about international stature, in footings of banking. In this essay I will seek to turn out how banking is one of the most influential factors on the economic system by utilizing factual instances from recent times. What does better client dealingss mean? Increasingly, clients are demanding more convenient ways to make their banking. An Ernst and Young survey ( Technology in Banking Report ) concluded, # 8220 ; nil alterations in the banking universe if clients can non acquire fiscal services when and where they wish # 8230 ; this means anyplace, at any clip. Statisticss show that ATM s telephone banking, and place banking history for over 50 per centum of all banking minutess today, and entire non-branch activity is turning at 15 per centum a twelvemonth. In one study ( Web-Tech, Inc. , May 17, 1995 ) , 82 per centum of 18- to 34-year olds polled preferable Bankss with 24-hour service. Customers are besides demanding a more sophisticated mix of merchandises tailored specifically to their fiscal demands, and non-bank rivals are better carry throughing these demands. Banks today hold merely 20 % of family fiscal assets, versus 34 % twenty old ages ago ; they have 30 % of concern sedimentations, versus 42 % merely seven old ages ago. Non-bank recognition card suppliers have gained inroads against Bankss, keeping a 25 % market portion versus 5 % in 1986 ( WebTech, Inc. , May 17, 1995 ) . Internet banking offers an attractive solution to this redesigned merchandises and services. Customers have 24-hour graphical-interface entree to their histories and appreciate that their bank is making something to do banking easier for them. A state, like a concern or a individual, is invariably making anything in its power to better itself. A concern, like a society, is either turning or worsening ; the competitory universe allows no other options. Human nature will let no province of remainder. Economicss is the survey of production, distribution, exchange, and ingestion of goods and services ( Ammer, pg. 186 ) , all of which, if stopped, would do a concern or a state to crunch to a arrest. From these statements we realize that alteration is an built-in portion of the universe of economic sciences. Not needfully a alteration in what we create, instead the manner we do it. Technology, that is, the development of new stuffs, merchandises, machinery, and procedures can make new merchandises and constructs every bit good as better production and efficiency for bing merchandises a few cardinal factors that determine economic growing. As a consequence, new occupations are created, bing 1s are made easier and more efficient, and the in the terminal there is a greater net income border ( Thurow, pg. 69, 304 ) . To understand this subject I will look at the effects of engineering on economic growing compared to those of the other four factors, There are five factors, which affect a state # 8217 ; s economic growing, ? the size of the labour force, ? the quality of the labour force, ? natural resources, ? capital formation, ? And technological alteration. ( James, pg. 727 ) Each factor has its ain consequence on economic growing, nevertheless together they produce a greater overall consequence. Picture a bank without any subdivisions. No Tellers. No rows of desks. No racks of booklets, no machine-controlled Teller machines outside. Picture, in fact, a practical bank, one that for the client exists merely in his or her office or place, as images on a computing machine screen. US fiscal establishments are traveling towards # 8220 ; practical banking. This scheme is about doing bank merchandises and services available to clients any clip and any topographic point they want them. As practical banking becomes more popular, it is really likely that more client service will be seen while the figure of traditional teller-staffed subdivisions will worsen. Bank clients will travel off from traditional banking and will go more dependent on electronic minutess utilizing ATMs or PCs ( Britt, Savings A ; Community Banker, February 1995, p.9 ) . Thankss to this proficient revolution, fiscal establishments are utilizing package plans, online services, and even the Internet to let clients to look into balances, wage measures, and reassign financess among histories. Bankers promise that, in the close hereafter, we will besides be able to more easy purchase certifications of sedimentation, common financess, and other investings, and even use for loans electronically. For most people, today # 8217 ; s best option may be plug into their bank through one of three taking home-budgeting package plans, these plans are: ? Intuit # 8217 ; s Quicken, ? Microsoft Money, and ? Pull offing Your Money. By bear downing $ 5 to $ 20 a month for such services, Bankss are certain to hard currency in on the hi-tech expressway. This would do everything much easie R for clients. All that is required is a personal computing machine, package and a modem, all of which the bulk of people in today s society have. On-screen instructions, filled with colourful artworks and images, explicate how to choose and work on assorted undertakings. The system automatically calculates and updates history balances and keeps records of measures. A smattering of Bankss have already set up place pages on the Internet to supply information to their existing and possible clients about approaching services. They started their minutess. Internet banking differs from the traditional Personal computer banking theoretical account in several ways. In most place banking ventures, the bank sends an application package plan to the client which runs on the client # 8217 ; s Personal computer. The client so dials into the bank with their modem, downloads informations, and runs the plans that are resident on their computing machine, possibly directing back a batch of petitions such as transportations between histories. It demands more and more infinite and velocity from the client # 8217 ; s computing machine. With Internet banking, on the other manus, there are possible clients who already have all the package they need to make their banking, since all they need is a browser. The existent banking package resides on the bank # 8217 ; s waiter in the signifier of their place page. This package can be updated at any minute with new information, such as new monetary values or merchandises, without holding to direct anything to the client ; it can besides go on to spread out and go more sophisticated without going cumbersome for the client to run. Banking with a browser, on the other manus, involves a uninterrupted, synergistic session, initiated by a local telephone call to a local entree supplier or online service. By developing internal expertness today, Bankss can fix themselves to respond rapidly and expeditiously to competitory moves and consumer tendencies as the fiscal services industry alterations. Employees at Bank of America, Chemical, Wells Fargo, and other big U.S. Bankss use them to purchase tiffin and bites. Smart cards-plastic cards with computing machine chips-are get downing to be used for prepayment, debit, and recognition purchases all over the universe. In the U.S. , smart cards can be merely used at a contained group of machines, or for one intent. # 8220 ; They are portion of the broader displacement to electronic bringing, to doing ATMs more functional, to utilizing Personal computers and the Internet to make place banking. # 8221 ; says Edgar Brown, senior vice-president of alternate bringing merchandises at First Union, Charlotte, N.C. One of the advantages of utilizing french friess on cards with or alternatively of magnetic chevrons is better security. Microprocessor french friess are really hard to change or hammer. French friess can transport more information than magnetic chevrons can. A microprocessor bit can hive away up to eight Ks of informations. Smart cards make cheaper and faster payments possible. Money can be deducted from a bit without online mandate. This makes for a two-second dealing versus an up-to-two-minutes one, and telecommunications costs are saved ( Lunt, P. , ABA Banking Journal, September 1995, p.46 ) . We can obviously see that there are many factors holding great importance, when covering with the economic system. There are many things we must take into consideration in order to do any sort of an informed economic determination. Bibliography Ammer, Christine ( 1977 ) Dictionary of Business and Economics, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. pg. # 26, 132, 186, 262, 291, 378, 397, 420, 435 Binhammer, H.H. , Money, Banking, and the Canadian Financial System 5th edition, Ontario: Nelson Canada Publishing Ltd. , 1988 Brigham, Eugene F. et Al, Canadian Financial Management 3rd edition, Canada: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada Ltd. , 1991 Britt, P. , Savings A ; Community Banker, 1995 Company Press Release, hypertext transfer protocol: //biz.yahoo.com/bw/990224/ma_bankboss_1.html Company imperativeness release ( A small spot of a prejudice, but provides penetration from a different point of position ) Hardy, et Al, Canadian Selling: Cases and Concepts, Toronto: Allyn and Bacon Canada Limited, 1978 Humphreys, K. Security First Network Bank.http: //www.sfnb.html. 1995 Internet Banking. WebTech, Inc. Online information. ( 1995, May 17 ) . James, Elijah ( 1994 ) Economicss: A Problem-Solving Approach Third Edition, Prentice Hall Canada Inc. , pg. # 4, 6, 15-16, 727, Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning and Control, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Limited, 1976 Luciani, Patrick, What Canadians Believe, but Shouldn t About their Economy, Ontario: Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1993 Lunt, P. ABA Banking Journal, 46. 1995 McConnell, Campbell. ( 1987 ) Macroeconomics: Fourth Canadian Edition, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited pgs. # 540, 778-785, 791-2 The Prosperity Institute Website, hypertext transfer protocol: //prosperity-institute.org/ The Prosperity Institute is dedicated to carry oning and printing research analyzing the causes of, and hindrances to, high rates of economic growing and a higher criterion of life for American people. Reid, Angus ( 1996 ) Shakedown: how the new economic system is altering our lives, Doubleday Canada Limited pgs. # 2, 29-34, 64, 91-102, 103, 130-1, 139-40, 151-157, 160-175, The RFE World and Non-US Economic Data Website, hypertext transfer protocol: //econwpa.wustl.edu/EconFAQ/World/ , Contains all kinds of statistical information sing economic growing, alteration, etc. Included is information about Bankss, bank amalgamations, and their policies sing certain relevant issues Samuelson, Scott, Economics, An Introductory Analysis, Toronto: McGraw-Hill company of Canada Limited, 1964 Thurow, Lester, The Future of Capitalism: how today s economic forces form tomorrow s universe, William Morrow and Company, Inc. New York pgs. # 68-9, 115-6, 267-8, 303-4, 1996 ( 1997 ) Hi Ho, hello Ho, down the informations mine we go pg. 47 of The Economist August 23rd 1997. ( 1996 ) Economic Growth, The Poor and the Rich: In recent old ages, research workers have moved closer to replying the most of import inquiry in economic sciences: why are some states richer than others? pg. 24 of The Economist May 25th 1996 Wells Fargo Bank. The Orange County Register, 1995 Weston et Al, Managerial Finance Seventh Edition, Illinois: The Dryden Press, 1981

Mao and Stalin essays

Mao and Stalin essays Through out history the world has seen strong and powerful individuals and revolutionary ideas that have come to have a major affect on a country. Leaders are usually driven by what they see as a desire to create a better and more perfect country. It seems that these leaders appear to have the peoples best interest at heart. But, there is always one tremendous obstacle standing in the way and that is their personal interest. They get so wrapped up in satisfying their egos and operating by harsh methods, they seem to move away from the realization of the goals they first set out to accomplish. Every country on this earth has had the privilege to have at least one great leader at one point or another. When this occurs a country can realize it and take advantage of it in terms of watching the changes that take place and maintain them, or just let the leader slip away not to be heard from again. Without a doubt a great leader will always have an impact on its country whether it is posit ive or negative and it will act as a long lasting example for future generations down the line. Joseph Stalin, of the Soviet Union and Mao Tse-tung, of China were great leaders of their time. Mao and Stalin had similar objectives, ideas, and influences on their country. Both leaders believed that Communism was the ideal system for their countries. Mao and Stalin were both very much aware of their countries economic and industrial needs. They both believed that to achieve a strong economic structure peasants must be empowered and have total control. But, there is a big difference as to how they both went about these ventures. Joseph Stalin simply wanted a rapid development of industry in the Soviet Union. It seems that he was constantly observing the more powerful and capitalist countries outside of the Soviet Union. He took notice of how economically and technologically advanced countries like Germany and France were and how much his country wa...

Bus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus - Essay Example Plainly, this is the adjustment period of a team. d. Performing – the stage where each team member has already adjusted with each other and can already work together. Each team member can now disagree constructively because they are now fully adjusted with each other (Zenger, n.d.). Typical example is a new student where he or she has to adjust to the members of the class. In the class, the new student is anxious on how he or she would fit in and gain new friends (forming). Eventually, differences of personality between him or her and other member of the class emerges which usually leads to clashes or conflicts (storming). Then each member of the class found a way to avoid such conflicts and adjust with each other (norming). Finally, each class member has fully adjusted with each other and are able to carry group projects smoothly (performing). Zenger, John G. et. al. (n.d.).FOUR PHASES OF TEAM DEVELOPMENT: Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing. Leading Teams. Business One Irwin, 1818 Ridge Rd., Homewood, IL 60430. Available at http://www4.uwsp.edu/centers/sieo/documents/pdf/leadershipLibrary/FOURPHASESOFTEAMDEVELOPMENT.pdf. retrieved on January 23,

The dangers of obesity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The dangers of obesity - Assignment Example An individual who has reached the ‘morbidly obese’ or Grade III status needs to understand that weight is a threat to their health (Patient, 1). However, higher BMI’s exist in individuals who are muscular; therefore, they should not be assumed as having excess fat (Shearer, 173). Waist-hip ratio is an alternative indicator of obesity. WHR accurately predicts cardiovascular risks than Body Mass Index (Skouteris, Helen, et al, 7). It is important to note that all the listed classes if obesity relates to significantly higher causes of mortality. The increase in degree of obesity significantly increases the risks involved. Calculation of the connection between obesity and other diseases depends on the gender of an individual. According to NAO (National Audit Office), the risks of diseases related to obesity differ between men and women. Obesity is a major danger in the growth of disorders related to chronic respiratory diseases such as obesity hypoventilation, obstructive sleep-apnoea, asthma, and COPD. In the occasion where an individual exhibits an obesity case demanding surgical procedure, diagnosis becomes more difficult. Frequency of postoperative complications enhances, including wound dehiscence, chest infection, and acute vein thrombosis (Chhabra, Lovely, et al., 1). Osteoarthritis is common in almost every individual with a prolonged obesity problem. This is very risky to proper maintenance of bone rigidity while aging. Obese people are also faced with problems that cannot be readily treated such as total hip replacement. Most people with this condition cannot afford the medical costs to administer such treatments. Different grades of obesity increase the dangers of endometrium carcinoma and breast cancer. In addition, the disease referred to as Polycystic ovarian disorder is also connected to the obese. Researchers and doctors found that obesity has the

Contemporary Issues in International Business Essay - 1

Contemporary Issues in International Business - Essay Example Thus, inter-dependency of states has become a critical factor that necessitates evolution of monetary system for currency exchange in the inter-state trade practices. In the post WWII era, Bretton Wood System had addressed the issue of international finance and currency relationship to promote stable trade amongst the countries. As a result, international agencies like International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank had emerged. IMF’s major objective was to facilitate and promote international business and stabilize foreign exchange through balance of payment for countries that were unable to meet their debt payments. At the same time, World Bank provides grants and low interest or interest free loans on easy term to credit worthy under developed and developing countries in the areas of poverty alleviation, health, education, environment conservation, sustainable development etc. The bank gets its finance from the donation from its member countries and the repayment of loans and interest money. In the recent times, the roles of these two agencies have come under lot of criticism. Thus, the roles of IMF and World Bank need to be analyzed and evaluated for introducing to make them more effective in the contemporary environment of global values. IMF is primarily a monetary system that was created in 1944. The initiatives taken in the Bretton Wood System had promoted US dollars as major currency because at that time, America was economically strong and was seen as a major facilitator of economic growth and opportunities. Another major factor was that the dollar was backed by huge reserve of gold deposit in America. IMF provided the necessary impetus to the international trade and economic cooperation amongst nation through mechanisms that included multilateral system of payment by member countries, stability in foreign exchange and supporting economically weak member nations with short term problems of ‘balance of payment’. It had also extended long term funds to developing countries which had faced the balance of payments problem during the structural changes that were needed to promote the socio-economic development of the region. World Bank was also an important actor in the socio-economic development process of under developed and developing countries. While it extended soft term loans and grants to these countries, it is also a commercial lender and is not totally dependent on the developed nations for its financial viability. It has relatively huge foreign exchange reserve and is therefore able to meet its various obligations. But in the recent times, many of its creditors have failed to repay the loans. Oxfam has claimed for 100% debt relief to 33 highly indebted poor countries (Mallaby, 2004). At the same time, emerging new economies like India and China have developed huge foreign reserves of their own and rely less on these agencies for funds. Most importantly, the transforming global economy has disturbed the d ominant position of US dollars. The fast emerging economies like India and China have challenged the American monopoly in the global market. It has not only not remained a major donor to the international agencies but the deteriorating economic conditions of America with a large foreign debt and deficit account balance, have adversely impacted dollar. The fixed exchange rate of currency has collapsed under new market based economy. The diktats of free trade and liberalization of economies across the globe have become important factors that demand new mechanisms for creating mutually beneficial trade practices. With market enforced floating currency rates, the political legitimacy of IMF and World Bank has become highly controversial. These agencies need to redefine their goals vis-a-vis new market

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review Micronucleus (â€Å"MN) is defined as microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus. Micronuclei (â€Å"MNi†) originate from aberrant mitoses and consist of eccentric chromosomes, chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes that have failed to be incorporated into the daughter nuclei during mitosis. The MN assay has been widely accepted as an in vitro genotoxicity test and a biomarker assay for genotoxic exposure and effect in humans. In the earlier times, the MN assay used to be carried out on lymphocytes, since 1990s this technique has evolved magnificently to be carried out on buccal cells. As collection of buccal cells require a simple non-invasive cytological smear, MN assay has played a vital role in reviving the application of cytology in the field of diagnostics and research. An attempt has been made to review all the studies carried till date, utilizing micronucleus assay of buccal cells as a novel marker of genotoxicity in head a nd neck region. The literal meaning of the word Micronucleus (MN) describes it as a small nucleus in a large cell, or the smaller nuclei in cells that have two or more such structures. Schmid (1975) defined MN as a microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus (Fig. 1). MN is the name given to the small extra-nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division.1 4 The two basic phenomena responsible for the formation of MNi in mitotic cells are dysfunction of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome breakage (Fig. 2). Micronuclei (MNi) are formed from the whole chromosomes or chromatid fragments that lag behind in anaphase and are separated out from the daughter nuclei in telophase. Additionally, some MNi gets originated from fragments derived from broken anaphase bridges formed due to chromosome rearrangements such as dicentric chromatids, intermingled ring chromosomes or union of sister chromatids.5 – 9 In the course of telophase these chromosomal regions are included in the daughter cells where they can fuse with the main nucleus or can form one or more smaller secondary nuclei.8 This smaller secondary nucleus is known as MN and its number can vary from one to many. Now the MN formed can either go with the daughter nucleus they derive from or the other daughter nucleus. In the former scenario, neither of the daughter cells is aneuploid, and in the latter case the micronucleated cell has gained a chromosome, while its daughter cell has lost it.5 Micronucleus Assay The Micronucleus assay is defined as an investigative procedure carried out to analyze micronuclei quantitatively. It is one of the standard cytogenetic tools implemented to assess micronuclei formation (signifying chromosomal damage) subsequent to exposure to genotoxic/cytotoxic agents.11 In humans, MN assay can be easily employed in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and exfoliated epithelial cells (e.g. oral, urothelial, nasal) to obtain a measure of genome damage induced in vivo.12 In the earlier times, once-divided cultured cells (mostly peripheral lymphocytes) were considered ideal for expressing MNi and the procedure used was known as cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In the CBMN assay, once-divided cells are identified by their BN appearance after blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B).13 In the last three decades, ever since the advent of MN assay on exfoliated cells, the buccal cells have completely replaced the usage of lymphocytes for the obvious reason of non-invasive collection of cells and simpler method for analyzing the MNi. The general genotoxicity results by both the methods of MN analysis are comparable.12 The basal cells in the oral epithelium are the cells which possess the capability of mitosis, the new cells formed gets differentiated and mature as they migrate to the surface finally replacing the cells which are shed. Thus any genetic damage (expressed as MNi formation) instigated in these basal cells is reflected in the exfoliated cells; thus analysis of MNi in these cells can be correlated with the amount of genetic damage. As the oral epithelium acts as the first barrier for the inhalation or ingestion route and approximately 90% of cancers originate from epithelial cells, therefore, these cells represent a favored target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion.12 The procedure for MN assay has been summarized in Table 1-3. Through this review, we intend to highlight the application of MN assay on buccal cells by reviewing significant studies from the English literature. We also aim to emphasize the pitfalls associated and the measures to overcome the same. Review of Literature In the early studies from the 1980s, exfoliated buccal mucosa cells were used to evaluate the genotoxic effects of betel nuts and quids and of chewing tobacco. Most studies showed higher MN frequencies at the site within the oral cavity where the quid or tobacco mixture was kept compared to the opposite, control site. The MN assay in buccal cells was also used to study cancerous and precancerous lesions and to monitor the effects of a number of chemopreventive agents. It is notable that the first studies of Stich and Rosin conducted between 1983 and 1984 had higher baseline MN frequencies than subsequent studies. This may have been due to a lack of defined scoring criteria and a relatively small number of scored cells (in some cases less than 500). Since then, published biomonitoring studies using the MN assay in buccal mucosa cells have investigated the effects of multiple factors including environmental and occupational exposures, radiotherapy, chemoprevention, vitamin supplementat ion trials, lifestyle habits, cancer, and other diseases.12 Micronuclei as a novel biomarker Occupational and environmental exposures In the last 15–20 years the MN assay has been applied to evaluate chromosomal damage for biological monitoring of human populations exposed to a variety of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemical or physical agents. Significantly higher frequencies of MN have also been observed in exfoliated buccal cells from people exposed to organic solvents, antineoplastic agents, diesel derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead-containing paints and solvents, and drinking water contaminated with arsenic.12, 18-20 MN and radiation Ionizing radiation plays an important role in the treatment of many neoplasias, but it also produces genetic damage. As a consequence, secondary tumors may develop years after the primary tumor treatment. Several studies evaluated MNi in buccal cells of patients undergoing radiotherapy in the head and neck region. The most striking increase in cytogenetic damage (150– 300 MN/1000 cells) was observed in an early study of three patients exposed to a cumulative dose of 3400–4000 cGy.12 MN frequencies in buccal cells of patients with some specific diseases A site-specificity was observed for Xeroderma pigmentosum patients, with a higher MN frequency in cells from the dorsal tip of tongue, possibly due to greater light exposure. Down syndrome was associated with a 733% increase in MNi in comparison to younger healthy controls, and the MN frequency was 78.5% higher than in older controls. An increase in MN frequency in buccal cells was reported for Diabetes mellitus with the patients having double the level of genetic damage in comparison to matched controls and for treated pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis in comparison with controls or children with Crohn’s disease.12 Findings of the study carried out at Genetics Research Unit, National Council Research Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italy supported the hypothesis that CBMN assay may provide an useful tool for screening of the obesity and metabolic syndrome and its progression to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults as well in children.21 Results of the stud y carried out in Mexico demonstrated a strong association between HPV type infection and MN frequency.22 Lifestyle and Host Factors Lifestyle factors that are associated with genetic damage include smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet, especially vitamin deficiencies and supplementation. The majority of the studies reporting a significant increase in MN in buccal mucosa cells related to a risk of oral cancer were performed in subgroups of subjects with specific lifestyle habits, i.e. chewers of betel quids (areca nut, betel leaves, slaked lime and tobacco) from India, Taiwan and Philippines; reverse smokers (who hold the lit end of the cigarette inside their mouths) from India and Philippines; snuff dippers from Canada; users of Khaini tobacco (tobacco mixed with slaked lime) from India, and other similar practices.12 The HUMN project is an effective vehicle for the development and implementation of an international collaborative validation effort to bring together the various buccal MN databases, and to identify and quantify the key variables affecting this biomarker.12 EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY AND MICRONUCLEI RELATED STUDIES Studies in relation to Oral Cancer Potentially Malignant Lesions: Biomonitoring of the changes in patients with diagnosed diseases or pathological changes that may lead to the development of cancer and other illnesses is becoming increasingly popular, and may be the most rapidly growing area of application of the MN assay to epithelial cells.12 A study carried out in France, in the year 1987, found out a baseline of 1.30 Micronucleated cells/1000 Cells in patients with carcinoma of upper digestive tract, using Feulgen Stain.12 A revised protocol for the exfoliated cell micronucleus assay was field-tested in a population exposed to a genotoxic agent, snuff, at levels associated with a significant increase in cancer risk in North Carolina. The assay was revised to increase specificity and to include separate scoring of other nuclear anomalies associated with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The prevalence of micronucleation was elevated in the snuff users as compared with the nonusers (prevalence ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.2) and, to a lesser extent, at the usual contact site as compared with a distal buccal site in the snuff users (prevalence ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.9–2.5).23 In a study carried out in India, frequencies of micronucleated cells (MNCs) were analyzed in the exfoliated buccal mucosa of normal healthy individuals from different parts of India who were regularly using either areca nut alone, mava, tamol, tobacco with lime, dry snuff or masheri. The analyses were also carried out among oral submucous fibrosis patients who had the habit of chewing either mava or areca nut. Compared with no habit healthy individuals, all the groups, irrespective of their type of habit, had significantly higher frequencies of MNCs.24 A study carried out in Texas, using Feulgen stain, found out an increase in Micronuclei frequency at the site of lesion in Leukoplakia, which got decreased after the administration of ÃŽ ± – tocopherol. 25 A study done in India in year 1996, found out an increased micronuclei count in oral exfoliated cells of patients suffering from Leukoplakia, Lichen Planus and Oral Submucous Fibrosis, using Giemsa stain. A baseline of 1.9 Micronucleated cells/1000 cells was found in each of the lesions as compared to normal subjects.12 A study done in Germany in year 2000, found out a baseline of 9.0 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients suffering from Squamous Cell Carcinoma of upper digestive tract and Leukoplakia, using Giemsa stain.12 A study done in Brazil in the year 2002 found out a baseline of 1.13 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells in patients diagnosed with oral cancer, using Feulgen stain.12 In another study carried out in West Bengal, India, 50 patients with precancerous o r malignant oral epithelial lesions were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls without any oral lesions, using Giemsa stain. The MN frequency was increased in preoperative cancer cases and decreased in postoperative cases, while in pre-cancerous cases it was higher than in the controls.26 A group of researchers from Italy, studied Micronuclei and p53 accumulations in preneoplastic and malignant lesions of head and neck and concluded that both these biomarkers were found in precancerous lesions, suggesting that they are early event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. The two biomarkers were not related to each other, indeed micronuclei frequency was found out to be higher in p53 -negative than in p53 – positive cells.27 Another study done in India, in year 2007, found out a baseline of 1.6 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients diagnosed with Oral Cancer and pre malignant lesions of the oral cavity, using Giemsa stain.1 In an infield study carried out on smokers in Egypt, Papanicolaou (PAP) stain was compared with May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) for staining of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells. Researchers found out that PAP stain was faster and easier to process and transport in the field study than was MGG stain. Regarding MGG smears, bacteria and cell debris masked the MN as compared to PAP smears, in which the fixative destroyed the bacteria and made the cell boundaries clearly demarcated. Using PAP stain, MN were seen easily in transparent cytoplasm. Finally they concluded that PAP stain is the preferred method infield studies for scoring and detecting MN in cells of buccal mucosa.28 A study carried out in JIPMER, Pondicherry, India screened 25 patients in varying stages of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and 25 patients with premalignant lesions for the presence of Micronuclei in the epithelial scrapings obtained from the site of the lesion. Highest Micronucleus Index was found in carcinoma and erythroplakia among the premalignant lesions, using the MayGrunwald Giemsa and Giemsa stain.3 In a study carried out in Thailand on patients with Oral Lichen Planus(OLP), it was found out that the frequency of Micronucleated Epithelial Cells(MEC) in OLP patients was 3.79% and 0.37% in the lesions and normal-appearing mucosa, respectively. Using a paired t-test, it was found that the MEC frequency in the OLP lesions was significantly elevated (p 29 In another study carried out in India, Micronucleus frequencies in oral exfoliated cells stained with Papanicolaou stain were counted and correlated with the histopathological grades and clinical stages of squamous cell c arcinoma patients. They were also compared with the healthy control subjects. Micronuclei (MN) frequencies were found higher in squamous cell carcinoma patients than in control subjects. MN frequencies were also found to be raised with increasing histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma.30 Grover et al observed a significantly raised micronuclei count in potentially malignant disorders like Leukoplakia, Lichen planus and OSMF, when compared to normal healthy mucosa.31 In another study, Grover et al applied Hematoxylin Eosin stain, the most commonly used stain for histopathological examination, for staining the cytosmears and found statistically significant results.32 Studies not in relation to Potentially Malignant Lesions: The micronucleus test was applied to exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa of four population groups: (A) non-smokers and non-drinkers of alcoholic beverages, (B) non-smokers but alcohol drinkers, (C) smokers but non-drinkers, and (D) smokers and drinkers. An elevated frequency of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells was observed only in group D (smokers and alcohol drinkers). Neither smoking alone of up to and over 60 cigarettes per day nor ethanol drinking alone of up to 1.21 per day led to a detectable elevation of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells.33A study carried out in Amsterdam, Netherlands in an attempt to define a standardized protocol for counting micronuclei to assess the genotoxic damage in human exfoliated cells, concluded that atleast 10,000 exfoliated cells should be screened to monitor a significant reduction of 50% in the number of micronuclei (for a patient with an initial frequency in the micronuclei frequency range given). Since it takes ~7 h to evaluate this numb er of cells, it was also concluded that counting of micronuclei requires automation.2 A structured literature review done on smoking and smokeless tobacco associated changes concluded that the assay used most frequently for tobacco-associated buccal cell changes was the micronucleus assay. The biological significance of the micronuclei in buccal cells of the oral mucosa is that the micronuclei are a manifestation of a readily identifiable clastogenic event that, has been associated with smoke and smokeless tobacco.34 A study carried out on Gas Station Attendants in Brazil, found out an increased Micronuclei frequency in exfoliated buccal cells of the exposed as compared to the controls, using Feulgen stain.35 A group of researchers from West Bengal, India, in an attempt to study the genotoxic effects of combustion fumes on targeted sites carried out Micronucleus assay using Feulgen stain in buccal epithelial cells of 47 firefighters and they found a 3 fold increase in Micronuclei fr equency as compared to the controls.36 To study the effects of occupational exposure to petroleum derivatives such as benzene, exfoliated buccal cells from 50 petrol station attendants and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects were examined for micronucleus (MN) frequency by a group of researchers in Turkey. Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities (NA) other than micronuclei, such as binucleates, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, were also evaluated, using Feulgen stain. Analysis of buccal cells revealed that MN and NA frequencies in petrol station workers were significantly higher than in control subjects (P P 37 Another study in Brazil was carried out to comparatively evaluate the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) of exfoliated buccal mucosa cells from children and adults following dental X-ray exposure. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in childrens as well as in adult’s micronucleated oral mucosa cells before and after dental X-ray exposure.38 In a study conducted in Europe, a total of 239 agricultural workers and 231 unexposed controls were examined for cytogenetic effects in lymphocytes of peripheral blood and exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was evaluated in both cell types and their relationship to different confounding factors (e.g. sex, country, smoking habit, etc.) was determined, using Giemsa stain. The results obtained indicated that there are no increases in MN frequencies in the agricultural workers when compared with the controls for either lym phocytes or buccal cells.39 Conclusion MN formation is generally considered as a manifestation of genetic damage or chromosomal breakage. Many investigators already and unequivocally have called MN as an upcoming marker of tumorogenesis. MN is thus a potential biomarker to screen genotoxicity, biomonitoring of various diseases, detection of malignancies and preneoplastic conditions and also a lot of other diseases. Since MN is a manifestation of day to day exposure to environmental pollutants, infections, nutrition, radiation, foods, and the genetic make-up or ethnicity which again varies around the globe. So there must be an upper limit of the base-line MN frequency only beyond which we can label it as increased MN frequency.

aids awareness :: Free AIDS Essays

When AIDS first emerged, no-one could have predicted how the epidemic would spread across the world and how many millions of lives it would change. There was no real idea what caused it, and consequently, no real idea how to protect against it. Now, in 2004, we know from bitter experience that AIDS is caused by the virus HIV, and that it can devastate families, communities and whole continents. We have seen the epidemic knock decades off countries’ national development, widen the gulf between rich and poor nations and push already-stigmatized groups closer to the margins of society. We are living in an ‘international’ society, and HIV has become the first truly ‘international’ epidemic, easily crossing oceans and international borders. Just as clearly, experience shows that the right approaches, applied quickly enough with courage and resolve, can and do result in lower national HIV infection rates and less suffering for those affected by the epidemic. Globally, we have learned that if a country acts early enough, a national HIV crisis can be averted. It has also been noted that a country with a very high HIV prevalence rate will often see this rate eventually stabilise, and even decline. This indicates, among other things, that people are beginning to change risky behaviour patterns, because they have seen and known people who have been killed by AIDS. Fear is the worst, and last way of changing people’s behaviour and by the time that this happens it is usually too late to save a huge number of that country’s population. Already, more than twenty million people around the world have died of AIDS-related diseases. In 2004, 3.1 million men, women and children have died. Around twice the amount who have died until now - almost 40 million - are now living with HIV, and most of these are likely to die over the next decade or so. The most recent UNAIDS/WHO estimates show that, in 2004 alone, 4.9 million people were newly infected with HIV. It is disappointing that the global numbers of people infected with HIV continue to rise, despite the fact that effective prevention strategies already exist. Africa It is in Africa, in some of the poorest countries in the world, that the impact of the virus has been most severe. Altogether, there are now 16 countries in Africa in which more than one-tenth of the adult population aged 15-49 is infected with HIV.

Liberal Humanism:

Theory: The English word ‘theory’ is derived from a technical term of philosophy in ancient Greek. It comes from the word ‘theria’ which means ‘a looking art, viewing or beholding’. In more technical context, it comes to refer to speculative understandings of natural things. Pythagoras for the first time establishes the meaning of ‘theory’. To him the word means a passionate, sympathetic contemplation of mathematical and scientific knowledge. On the other hand Aristotle believes that ‘theory’ is contrasted with praxis or practice. For him both practice and theory involve thinking but the aims are different.Theoretical contemplation considers things which human beings cannot move or change and which has no human aim apart from itself. On the contrary, praxis involves thinking always with an aim to desired actions whereby humans cause change or movement themselves for their own ends. Theory is actually a complex paradigm because it incorporates different areas such as theory of the literature, science, technology, politics and so on. It is usually though that theory is the systematic account of the nature of any field and how this nature can be analyzed. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVLOPMENT OF â€Å"THEORY†:One theory gives birth to another theory. The growth of critical theory in the post-war period seems to comprise a series of ‘waves’ being associated with a specific decade and all aimed against the liberal humanist consensus. In 1960s, two new terms were appeared. â€Å"Marxist Criticism†, which had been pioneered in the 1930s, reborn in the 1960s and â€Å"psychoanalytic Criticism† came in the 1960s. In 1970s news spread in literary critical circles in Britain and U. S. A. about particular â€Å"structuralism† and â€Å"post-structuralism†, both of which originated In France.In the early 1980s two new forms political and historical criticism emerged â€Å"ne w historicism†. Finally, in the 1980s, a grand explanation seemed to be taking place there was a decisive drift towards dispersal, eclecticism and special-interest forms of criticism and theory. Thus, post-colonialism rejects the idea of universally applicable Marxist explanations. Likewise post-modernism stresses the fragmented nature of much contemporary experience. Feminism also shows signs of dissolving gender studies, with gay and lesbian texts emerging as distinct fields of literature, and hence implying and generating ppropriate and distinct critical approaches. LIBERAL HUMANISM: Liberal Humanism refers to the idea that we can understand or explain our world through rational enquiry. It rejects explanations based on the supernatural or divine forces. This idea became the basis for the development of science on the Western world. It’s a form of philosophy concentrated on the perfection of a worldly life, rather than on the preparation for an eternal and spiritual life. In philosophy and social science, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of a â€Å"human nature†.The word â€Å"humanist† derives from the 15th-century Italian term umanista. The term ‘liberal humanism' denotes the ruling assumptions, values and meanings of the modern epoch. It claims to be both natural and universal. The common feature of liberal humanism is ‘freedom’. It is not associated with supernatural things. Rather it believes that our observation can be explained by human investigation and thought. The doctrines of liberal humanism are: * To know unknown and to create uncreated * Having rational faculty * Being self dependent * Superiority of human beings Absolute freedom of human mind *Having the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to our lives. EMERGENCE OF LIBERAL HUMANISM: Liberal Humanism inaugurates rational enquiry and rejects the supernatural or the realm of emotions. It was a response to the Dark Ages when people believed in religion blindly. The hold of the Church was so strong that even the king had to bow down to its decisions. At that time, people were told that they must accept their place in the order of religion. Afterwards, humanism came with a belief in the freedom of human beings to control their own destinies.It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of mediaeval scholastic education emphasizing practical, pre-professional and scientific studies. Gradually, people started questioning the teachings of the church. Martin Luther King insisted on reading the Bible rather than following the interpretations of the priest. He argued that we must follow religion rationally. Many people started questioning the rigid ritualistic aspects of religion too. Even scientists like Galileo argue that one must read the book of nature.Such ideas promote the growth of science and reinforce the belief in ob servation and rational analysis. It is in such a context that humanism emerges. With this, we also see a revival in the study of Classical Greek and Roman texts. We see the emergence of faith in human rather than divine. In this way, liberal humanism has made human mind free from the existing bondage of religion in Middle age. PLATO (427-347): Plato is the founder of philosophy in ancient Greece KEY FACTS: *The material we perceive through our body and our senses is not the real world but an imperfect copy of an ideal world. Art works to reproduce or represent the perceivable material world. *Literature is important and needs to be regulated or supervised because it has a powerful effect on its readers. *The content of literature is more important than the form it comes in. According to Plato’s philosophy, reason was the highest form of thought and the preferable means for convincing cultural knowledge. For Plato, reason is a process of logical deduction. Stories, poetry and drama appeal to their audiences’ emotion more than to the rational minds.As art arouses emotions, it can never be true. He said that truth can only be apprehended through rational thought, as exemplified in Mathematics. Plato and his followers ignored the fact that we can perceive with our physical senses. In this realm, things remain in their most perfect form and never change. Their static condition makes them eternal and therefore the essence of all the things that exist in our material world are merely copies of the form that exist in the ideal world. As they are copies, they are necessarily less perfect than the original forms.According to Plato, we can understand the world of forms only through reason and the process of logical argument. Philosophers use logic and reason to discover truth. By contrast, artists evoke emotions by making representations of the world. Plato considered all arts as representational. Art creates picture of the material perceivable world which Plato called â€Å"nature†. But ‘nature’ is itself only a reproduction, a copy of what exist in the perfect form in the realm of the ideal. So, any art that reproduces nature is merely copying from a copy. An artist’s work is always removed from the world of truth and ideal perfection.As their creations are copies of copies and these copies excite feelings rather than reason, Plato worried that art and artist might threaten social order, and the eternal truths. In book X of The republic, Plato points specifically to poets and poetry in warning that all poetic imitations are ruinous to the understanding of the hearers, unless as an antidote they possess the knowledge of the true nature of the knowledge. Plato worried that art, including literary art like poetry and drama tell lies and influence their audience in irrational ways.This didactic criticism argues that literature is a powerful medium for arousing emotions, without necessarily presenting any ratio nal assessment that it can present a constant danger to its audience. Moral criticism focuses on the content of a work of literature, asking whether its effect is good or bad rather than paying emotions to its artistic or formal values. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Aristotle, one of the ancient Greek philosophers, is the ‘founding father’ of western thought. KEY FACTS: *Aristotle’s main concern was in the form and unity of an artistic work. Art is not binary to the reason and threatening to logic and rationality. *Reality resides in the changeable world of sense perceptions or, the physical, material world. * ‘Form' of Ideal can only exist in tangible examples of that form. Aristotle was less interested in the content of literature than in its forms. According to Aristotle, art is not an imitation or a reproduction of nature of the world we perceive with our senses. So it is not an inferior reproduction or copy of nature rather it is a process of putting the eve nts of nature into words or paint which helps to improve or complete nature.For example, when an artist paints a picture of a cherry tree or writes a poem about it, he or she does not just copy the tree but creates a new version of the tree through the process. With the help of colors or words the artist re-creates it. Artists are important because art imposes order on a disordered and chaotic natural world. Literature particularly imposes a particular kind of narrative order on events. For that reason there is a beginning, middle and an end what is described in words. Aristotle believes that art and literature complete a process which the natural world leaves incomplete.Nature merely exhibits us with events and sensory experiences while art provides us with their meaning. Thus art and literature are a positive social force which is contrasting to Plato’s view. Aristotle’s arts, creating order and system help to find pleasure in the representation of an understandable and meaningful reality. The pleasure people take in representations conveys another type of ‘truth’. For Aristotle, ‘reality’ does not reside in a static eternal world of perfect ideal forms rather reality is the ever-changing world of appearances and perceptions.Plato’s concept was that any particular chair was only an inferior copy of the ideal form of ‘Chair’ that could not be perceived through our senses. By contrast Aristotle puts logic that the only way we can know the essence of ‘Chair’ the true meaning of chair is through individual instances of chairs. Form exists only in the concrete examples of that form Aristotle’s truth resides in discovering the rules and principles that govern how things work and take on meaning in our material world. Aristotle treats poetry and all arts forms, like biology.He is interested in discovering or creating ways to identify characteristics of various forms of poetry and develo ping systematic categories through which to classify these forms. Plato founds the tradition of moral criticism about what a work of poetry does to its audience, on the other hand, Aristotle founds the tradition of genre criticism by investigating what a particular work is, rather than what it does. HORACE (65 BCE- 8BCE): Quintus Horiatius Flaccus was a Roman poet, commonly known as Horace. He is best known for his satires and his lyric odes.KEY FACTS: *Horace focuses on the purpose of poetry, or literature in general. *The benefit of poetry is highlighted. *Two sources of poetry are –nature and other authors. In the traditions of literary theory, Horace has contributed through his articulation of the purpose of poetry. Following Plato, he said that literature serves didactic purpose and it provides pleasure. According to him poetry is a useful teaching tool as it is pleasurable. Its lessons can be learned because the pleasure of poetry makes it popular.Horace also views natu re as the primary source of poetry like Plato, but his concept is that poets should imitate other authors too. In this way, Horace establishes the necessity of a poet to know tradition, and respect inherited forms and conventions as well as creating new works. Sir Phillip Sidney (1554-86): One of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age, Sir Philip Sidney is most famous for his â€Å"The Defence of Poetry’. KEY FACTS: *Sidney strongly urges that poetry serves both instruction and pleasure. *Poetry gives a shape to nature so that we can get close to nature. poetry reveals the meaning lying beneath everything in this external world. Sidney directly attacked Plato for his thoughts on poetry. The essence of Sidney’s defence in favour of poetry by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of Philosophy is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. To him, poetry serves the dual purpose of instruction and ple asure. It provides a vehicle for instructing readers in the proper ways to be, think, act, believe and do just as sermon or histories. It provides enjoyment.Following Aristotle, he protected the puritan accusations ‘Poetry is the mother of lies’. He answered that if a mere imitation of nature is in poetry, it is an inferior copy or a form of falsehood but if poetry is an act of creation, it can help us to understand the inner of this external material world. These so-called inferior copy, or mimetic, in fact presents a higher level of reality. Sidney says that poetry is the source of all learning. The final purpose of poetry is to lead us to high perfection as we are capable of. Sidney also quotes that a poem is â€Å"a speaking picture with this end, to teach and delight†.It’s primary aim to give pleasure. Poets ate superior to philosophers. It deals with the experience of many ages. If the philosopher is the guide, the poet will be the light. SIR FRANCIS BACON: Sir Francis Bacon, a contemporary of Sidney and Shakespeare, he not only refers back to Elizabethan tradition, but defends it passionately. KEY FACT: *Poetry does not present an inferior representation of the world we live in. *Imagination can create realities. *poetry does not manipulate and lie to the reader. *poetry is greater than rationalityIn philosophy Bacon followed Aristotle's theory, which thought that poetry or in general, art is not merely a copy of real world, or called inferior. But rather that it presents a better world than the one we live in. In The Advancement of Learning, Bacon argues that history, fact, and reason can only present the world which describes with our sense, our own real experience. He disagrees with Plato on the fact that poetry manipulates and lies to the reader, but instead Sir Francis Bacon says that poetry presents a ‘feigned history’ which speaks directly to the human soul.Bacon wants to present that as human soul is great er than the sworld, so the imagined world is greater than perceptible material world. Even more importantly, poetry is greater than reason because reason can only present pre-existing material world, not alter it, but poetry is able to create a â€Å"new world†, and to rule over it. Joseph Addison 1672-1719): He followed Plato. So, like Plato he was concerned with how literary work affects ifs reader. *Addison explores the question how poetry creates pleasure. * Two kinds of pleasure in imagination- Primary and Secondary pleasure. The power of imagination and power of reason have been distinguished . * Reason investigates the cause of things and imagination experiencing them either directly or through representation. *Art is not just an imitation of nature. Addison was more interested in what a poem delights than in how, or what it instructs. Addison described two kinds of pleasure in imagination. One is primary pleasure and the other is secondary pleasure. Primary pleasure c omes from the immediate experience of objects through sensory perception and secondary pleasure comes from the experience of ideas from the representation of objects.For example we can take The Simpsons and Shakespeare’s classical drama Hamlet. Even though majority thought that The Simpsons can create more pleasure than Hamlet but if they have to choose one of them, most of people would rather choose Hamlet than The Simpsons. They supported that the pleasure of Hamlet come from representation of it. It is much better than The Simpsons because people get pleasure immediately but if they thought about it deeply, they would find that it is actually boring. Addison distinguishes the power of imagination from the power of reason.According to him, reason investigates the cause of things and imagination experiences them, either directly or through representations. The imagination is less refined than the faculty of reason. The pleasure of imagination is thus more easily acquired tha n those of reason and widely available to untrained mind. Addison says that art is not just an imitation of nature, but an improvement or completion of it. He points out that the secondary pleasure of imagination makes it possible for an experience which would be disagreeable in actually to be represented in pleasurable form.SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709-84): One important aspect to keep in mind while examining the thoughts of Samuel Johnson is that of the birth of fiction around the 18th century, following the rise of the novel as an important element of literature. KEY FACTS: *Fiction depends on the idea of mimesis, presenting stories which imitate nature or real life, unlike poetry or drama. *Fiction deals with the stories to readers as though these individuals were real people. *Johnson is concerned with the morality of literature. Like other art works, fiction is also an imitation of nature or real life.Actually, art works are imitations of nature. However, they are not merely copies. I t is a important conception. Unlike drama or poetry, fiction depends on the principle of realism. When readers read fiction, they would consider that these story or history really happened around our life. The realism of fiction blurred the distinction between the imagined world of art and the real world of history and biography. As a result, the language which is used to write fiction is very different from drama or poetry.The language of fiction is usually common language, rather than the language of art, or artifice. Writers use common language to make the work more natural, more real. Johnson agreed with some parts of Plato's thought. He also paid attention to the moral effect of fiction. He insisted that the fiction, such as novel, or fairy tale, is more dangerous than poetry or drama because in contrast of other kinds of art works, fiction is more real. Good art is that art which has a positive moral message and bad art has a bad message that encourages readers to create negat ive or destructive behavior.Thus, people who read these works would believe it more easily because of realism. The realism of fiction, according to Johnson, also ties the genre more closely to the realities of human existence because fiction comes from authors who have the direct knowledge of human nature. Moreover, as the source of fiction is natural and events or characters are easily recognizable and the language of fiction is general, fiction is able to affect people widely. Johnson warns that if writer cannot use it wholly, fiction would bring up so many negative or destructive problems.Johnson suggests to present the proper outcome of fiction where wickedness is punished and virtue rewarded. In Johnson's opinion, ancient Greek and Roman writers presented the best models of literary arts. Those works have withstood test of time, have proved themselves useful. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH: From Sir Philip Sidney to Sir Joshua Reynolds, the theorists and critics broadly represent the think ing of Age of Enlightenment, and its debates about the relative importance of reason and imagination. But William Wordsworth , the first English Romantic poet wholly created a new world of art. KEY FACTS: Wordsworth broadly follows Aristotelian thought and also reflects the ideas of the school of romanticism, stating that anything closer to nature was superior to anything artificial. *Nature is needs importance. *He is very much careful of composing a poem with feelings. The Romantic conception of Wordsworth endangered on the beliefs about the superiority of all things natural over anything artificial. According to Wordsworth poet is a â€Å"man speaking to a man† and that is why poet must use common language, rather than the artificial convention of meter and rhyme which had been a standard since the ancient Greek.Wordsworth set up a system which believes that the rural is better than urban, the nature is better than the culture, the uneducated thoughts are closer to nature, and better than educated and complex. In stating that â€Å"the child is father of the man†, Wordsworth declares that children have the sensibility which adults have lost. Children are close to nature and we go away from nature becoming civilized adults. Wordsworth is more concerned with the relation between the poet and the poem than with the relation between the poem and its reader.His interest is not in the moral effect of poetry. He examined what the poem is, how it is made, and who makes it, rather than what it does. For Wordsworth, poem is not a product of reason, or of art and artifice, but is â€Å"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings† which â€Å"takes its origin form emotion recollected in tranquility†. Since then, ‘Feeling’ was established as the central element of a poem and became more important than the action, situation, character, or mimetic accuracy. A good poem must have authentic expression of feelings generated in natur al setting.JOHN KEATS (1795-1821): Keats followed the romantic path established by William Wordsworth and Coleridge. He is a great English poet and played an important role in Romanticism, in 19th century. KEY FACTS: *Rational though breaks the world into two- subject and object. *Keats argued that empathic and reason, poetry and science, are incompatible and oppositional which being combined can break the boundaries between subject and object. *For a good poet, Keats thought that it must possess have â€Å"negative capability†.According to Keats, Rational thoughts break the world into subject and object for the reasons of classification and analysis in the Aristotle’s â€Å"Science† Processes. Keats speaks about on interplay in the sense that sensations and empathetic experiences, including poetry, break down the barriers between subject and object and insist on this interaction between the two entities. However, Keats also feels that poetry and science, empath y and reason are two incompatible elements which are also oppositional.The most important key to understanding Keats in this context is negative capability, which in essence is the ability to stay comfortable with uncertainty and doubt without the need to find certainty. It became the central conflict in literary studies in the twentieth country. Formalist cristism argues that for a poem, they would focus on the resolution or an explanation for the unity of elements, while poststructuralism would recall Keat's â€Å"negative capability† instead of answers.MATHEW ARNOLD (1822-1888): The last one is Matthew Arnold. He is the critic most closely associated with humanist perspective, with the establishment of the humanities, and especially literary. KEY FACTS: *Preference on literary education *result of good poetry on human beings In his main critical work, The Function of Criticism at the Present Time, he argues about the heart of â€Å"New Criticism† and the goal of cri ticism is â€Å"to see the object as in itself it really is†, free of agendas, and preconceptions.According to Arnold, a literary education in â€Å"the best† texts will make us all better human beings, and make our world an easier and more humane place to live. He sought to defend art on the basis of what art can do to society and culture. He was the first cultural critic who claimed that to speak about literature, one has to speak about culture. He proposed that philosophy and religion could be replaced by poetry in modern society. He held that culture representing â€Å"the best that has been thought and said in the world† was available through literature.Mathew saw culture as the moral attributes to literature. To him, poetry has the unique power of making sense of life and culture allows us to be complete human beings. Literature has the power to create what he calls â€Å"sweetness and light†. These art the hallmarks of civilization and the citizens who have been educated to appreciate â€Å"the best† will develop taste, sensibility, a quality which Arnold calls â€Å"high seriousness†, and will be productive and peaceful members of their society.

Green Sea Urchin Fact Sheet

Green Sea Urchin Fact Sheet With its sharp-looking spines, the green sea urchin may look frightful, but to us, it is mostly harmless. Sea urchins arent poisonous, although you might get poked by a spine if youre not careful. In fact, green sea urchins can even be eaten. Here you can learn some facts about this common marine invertebrate. Sea Urchin Identification Green sea urchins can grow to about 3 across, and 1.5 high. They are covered in thin, short spines. The sea urchins mouth (called Aristotles lantern) is located on its underside, and its anus is on its top side, in a spot that is not covered with spines. Despite their immobile appearance, sea urchins can move relatively quickly, like a sea star, using their long, thin water-filled tube feet and suction. Where to Find Sea Urchins If youre tide pooling, you might find sea urchins underneath rocks. Look closely - sea urchins may camouflage themselves by attaching algae, rocks, and detritus to their spines. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: EchinodermataClass: Echinoidea Order: CamarodontaFamily: StrongylocentrotidaeGenus: StronglyocentrotusSpecies: droebachiensis Feeding Sea urchins feed on algae, scraping it off of rocks with their mouth, which is made up of 5 teeth collectively called Aristotles lantern. In addition to his work and writings on philosophy, Aristotle wrote about science, and sea urchins - he described the sea urchins teeth by saying they resembled a lantern made of horn that had 5 sides. Thus the urchins teeth came to be known as Aristotles lantern. Habitat and Distribution Green sea urchins are found in tide pools, kelp beds, and on rocky ocean bottoms, to areas as deep as 3,800 feet. Reproduction Green sea urchins have separate sexes, although it is difficult to tell males and females apart. They reproduce by releasing gametes (sperm and eggs) into the water, where fertilization takes place. A larva forms and lives in the plankton for up to several months before it settles on the sea floor and eventually turns into an adult form. Conservation and Human Uses Sea urchin roe (eggs), called uni in Japan, are considered a delicacy. Maine fishermen became huge suppliers of green sea urchins in the 1980s and 1990s, when the ability to fly urchins overnight to Japan opened an international market for urchins, creating a Green Gold Rush, in which millions of pounds of urchins were harvested for their roe. Overharvesting amid a lack of regulation caused the urchin population to bust. Regulations now prevent overharvesting of urchins, but populations have been slow to recover. The lack of grazing urchins has caused kelp and algae beds to flourish, which in turn has increased crab populations. Crabs love to eat baby urchins, which has contributed to the lack of recovery of urchin populations. Sources Clark, Jeff. 2008. After the Gold Rush (Online) Downeast Magazine. Accessed Online June 14, 2011.Coulombe, Deborah A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster.Daigle, Cheryl and Tim Dow. 2000. Sea Urchins: Movers and Shakers of the Subtidal Community (Online). The Quoddy Tides. Accessed June 14, 2011.Ganong, Rachel. 2009. Return of the Urchin?(Online). Times Record. Accessed June 14, 2011 - no longer online as of 5/1/12.Kiley Mack, Sharon. 2009. Maine Sea Urchins Making a Slow Recovery (Online) Bangor Daily News. Accessed June 14, 2011.Maine Department of Marine Resources. Green Sea Urchins (Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis) in Maine - Fishery, Monitoring, and Research Information. (Online) Maine DMR. Accessed June 14, 2011.Martinez, Andrew J. 2003. Marine Life of the North Atlantic. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc.: New York.Meinkoth, N.A. 1981. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

The eNotes Blog Scholarship Spotlight July2015

Scholarship Spotlight July2015 Every month, we  select some of the best scholarships around and post them here on our blog. When you are ready to apply,  check out our tips on How to Write a Scholarship Essay! Vegetarian Video Scholarship   Amount: $250 Eligibility: Applicant must be a U.S. citizen. Requirements:  Applicant must create and submit a video relating what they want to tell others about vegetarianism and/or veganism. Due Date: July 15, 2015 Bachus Schanker  Scholarship Amount: $2,000 Eligibility: Applicant must be a high school senior that has been accepted to attend a four-year university by the time of the award, or a full time student attending a four-year university in the United States who has a cumulative GPA of 3.0. Requirements: Essay Due Date: July 30, 2015 From Failure to Promise Essay Contest Amount: $500-$10,000 Eligibility: Applicant must be either a high school senior or an undergraduate or graduate student  who will be attending a college or university in the United States, Canada, or Mexico during the 2015-2016 academic year. In addition applicant be have at least a 2.5 cumulative GPA. Requirements: Essay Due Date: July 30, 2015 Doctor on Demand Scholarship Amount: $5,000 Eligibility: Applicant must be a enrolled in a pre-med or health-related field-of-study at a four year, accredited college or university for the fall of 2015. Requirements: Essay, cover sheet Due Date: July 31, 2015

Defining the Scope Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Defining the Scope - Essay Example There, however, comes a time when there is need to have some changes to the scope, and this automatically brings challenges to the operations. Scope changes, no matter how overwhelming, are always going to happen. The schedule may be one area in which scope changes affect the goings-on of a project. This then affects the schedule laid out at the beginning of the project, which in turn may affect the projected objectives and goals. Furthermore, the quality of the project may be affected if the situation is not salvaged quickly and efficiently. Quick fixes are often seen in this phase, thus; eroding the quality of the entire project. Unfortunately, there is also the issue of morale. People working on a project when faced with changes can become frightened and confused. People often plan ahead when it comes to projects, but sudden changes may affect the anticipated direction leading to low morale (Schwalbe, 2013). Handling these changes may be difficult, but it has to be done. One of the best ways to handle this would be to keep calm and stay in control. Once panic is present, then the entire project may be doomed. Change control mechanisms are crucial at this point, which may point out what direction to take to reach the intended objectives. Different people may have different control mechanisms so it is vital to understand what best works for the project team. One thing that is a fundamental part of this control mechanism is communication. It is vital at this point in the project phase because people need constant reassurance about their capabilities and the importance of project completion (Schwalbe, 2013). This is without compromising the quality of work

Too Busy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Too Busy - Coursework Example Quality control evaluation of the new product line is the task of product manager. Attending local trade show featuring new technology products is up to the specialists in technology or/and some of our salespersons who might also establish new contacts there. I would delegate returning phone calls to my secretary or PA asking them to find out all information I should know and report it to me. The reason why I picked up the listed 4 tasks are as follows: doing new employee evaluation is strategically important because I need the right people in my team, so whereas my HR manager will do initial recruiting and selection, the final stage of evaluation before he or she starts working with us would be my responsibility. Reviewing strategic goals for the next two months is certainly something I have to do being a manager. I would also try to make time for meeting my business partner for afternoon golf game because business relationships need to be maintained same as personal ones, and we’re always doing business with people – so have to build relationships with them. And of course I would attend the regular weekly meeting I have been scheduling, although of course this would depend on what exactly the topic of the meeting is. If I skip it, this would give a bad impression to the people present at it, but I can make it shorter if I need to do lots of other